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Unit tests: These typically test a single method, class, or function in isolation, providing assurance to the developer that their code operates as designed. For many reasons, including the need to keep our tests fast and stateless, unit tests often "stub out" databases and other external dependencies (e.g., functions are modified to return static, predefined values, instead of calling the real database).

__You can minimize risk by doing your research and, most of all, by testing. Testing__ is an integral part of the Patagonia industrial design process, and it needs to be included in every part of this process. It involves testing competitors' products; "quick and dirty" testing of new ideas to see if they are worth pursuing; fabric testing; "living" with a new product to judge how hot the sales may be; testing production samples for function and durability, and so on; and test marketing a product to see if people will buy it.

while most of us, fortunately, develop sufficient capacity to delay gratification to make it through high school or college and embark upon adulthood without landing in jail, our development nonetheless tends to be imperfect and incomplete, with the result that