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Effective executives focus on outward contribution. They gear their efforts to results rather than to work. They start out with the question, 'What results are expected of me?'

The great majority of executives tend to focus downward. They are occupied with efforts rather than with results. They worry over what the organization and their superiors 'owe' them and should do for them. And they are conscious above all of the authority they should have. As a result, they render themselves ineffectual.

Knowledge work is not defined by quantity. Neither is knowledge work defined by its costs. Knowledge work is defined by its results. And for these, the size of the group and the magnitude of the managerial job are not even symptoms.

<> Margaret Atwood