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Lean: Resolving the Efficiency Paradox, they define Lean as, "a strategy of flow efficiency with key principles of just-in-time and visual management."

"lean" and is summed up in the following: "It transfers the maximum number of tasks and responsibilities to those workers actually adding value to the car on the line, and it has in place a system for discovering defects that quickly traces every problem, once discovered, to its ultimate cause."

Lean principles focus on creating value for the customer--thinking systematically, creating constancy of purpose, embracing scientific thinking, creating flow and pull (versus push), assuring quality at the source, leading with humility, and respecting every individual.